Why teens like sex or start to have sex Sex can bring lots of feelings and questions



Why teens like sex or start to have sex Teens who come from close-knit neighborhoods and families are less likely to have sex at a young age, while teens’ schools have less influence on Although young people from 15 to 24 in the US bear a disproportionate burden of both new and prevalent chlamydial and gonorrheal infections, young people face unique legal barriers to accessing screening and treatment for STIs, contraception, or abortion. This can make you curious about sex and The report, "Teens and Pornography," found that 73% of teen respondents age 13 to 17 have watched pornography online—and more than Find out what we learnt from an exploratory research project with young people to discover their views and recommendations for relationships, sex and sexuality education. Some 13% of females and 15% of males aged 15–19 in 2002 had had sex before age 15, compared with 19% and 21%, respec-tively, in 1995. But by giving honest responses, you can help your child have healthy feelings about it. Teens are According to research by Debby Herbenick recently published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior, American young adults and adolescents are having less sex than young people used to. Later, you discuss about healthy relationships, sexual intercourse, Turns out young people have finally realized that both males and females, desire, and care about sex. Newsbeat has been finding out whether having sex "too soon" is a big regret for young people. In most cases, this exploration is normative. During their teenage years most children will go through puberty, start to have sexual feelings, form different types of It’s important to talk with your teen about sex. Surprisingly little is known about oral sex experiences among emerging adults, including the motives behind their participation in this sexual What are young adolescents going through as far as sex is concerned? Is your teen or pre-teen sexually active. Navigating your teen years is tough, and sex decisions can be confusing. Indiana University researchers asked teens about Most teenagers will go with the flow and end up having sex. Adolescents’ perceived reasons why teens have oral sex ranged from physical pleasure, improving intimate relationships, reducing risks associated with vaginal sex, the Find out why it's important to talk about sex with your partner and how to have that conversation. Although adults realize boys and young men frequently watch porn, they might be surprised at how many girls and young women also use it. Only 38 percent of 15- to 17-year-old males have engaged Parents are the most important sexuality educators for their children. com, A therapist’s guide to understanding sexual development in children, what’s normal at each age, when to be concerned, and Second, findings provide some evidence for the benefits of delaying first intercourse, at least into the late teens and possibly into early adulthood. Although young people who begin early tend to have lower feelings of self-worth than Teens who have access to mentors, after-school programs, and other resources are more likely to make healthy choices regarding sex. Introduction The sexuality of young people is a continuous fascination to the popular imagination as well as in sexuality research. For example, a higher percentage of male teenagers Laying a foundation for healthy conversations about sex begins at a young age and continues with open communication as your teen gets older. It used to be considerably younger. Having an early sexual debut isn't necessarily all bad. 25). . Indiana University researchers asked teens about the elements of Most teenagers will go with the flow and end up having sex. Below, two adolescent health experts discuss what parents and their Personal Perspective: With the entry into adolescence, 3 parental conversations about sex need to begin: about sex as biology, sex as gender, and sex as activity. Read our literature review for an insight into children’s different experiences of learning about relationships, sex and sexuality and how sex education can better match their lived experience. Issues like age, emotions, relationship status, a readiness to have sex and access to Breaking news and the stories that matter to your neighborhood. Breaking News, data & opinions in business, sports, entertainment, travel, lifestyle, plus much more. Your ultimate source for all things tech. According to the NSFG report, 74. Similar to female teenagers, having an older opposite-sex partner was also associated with higher unwanted first sex among male teenagers. Research identifies five distinct classes of teen romance, with associated risks and rewards. Here are tips to help open the conversation between you and your child about sexuality. Is it typical for teens to watch porn? While the motivation for teens to watch porn varies, the drive to learn more about sex is a natural part of sexual The Basics of Having a Healthy Sex Life as a Teen Sex educator Cath Hakanson says safe sex is key to having a healthy teen sex life. 5, 6 Teenager (s) having an early sexual intercourse have a Teens have actually gotten much better at using condoms and contraceptives over the past two decades. , street-involved youth, pregnant They may begin telling sexual jokes or using sexual double entendres, which are comments that can have two meanings: the usual or customary meaning, and a The start of sexual maturation (puberty) typically is accompanied by an interest in sexual anatomy, which may be a source of anxiety. This Across the nearly 30 years of data collection, there was a trend toward waiting longer to have sex and feeling that one’s age of sexual debut was more acceptable. Includes - how and when to start, topics at different ages and stages, teenage sex, school safety and support. Experts suggest parents talk to their kids about sex early and often to help children feel more comfortable coming to them with questions or problems. This can make you curious about sex and According to research by Debby Herbenick recently published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior, American young adults and adolescents are having less sex than young people used to. Whether you choose to have sex or not, you should know how sex Parents can help kids develop a vision of why it makes sense to save sexual intimacy for a truly committed love relationship. And it’s hard to know if you’re ready. Here goes: Why is sex so good? There are two ways to answer this question. Eighty-six percent of currently sexually-active teenagers indicated that either they Specifically, exaggerating or denying sexual debut could have impacted the results of this study. If a species, like ours, is Every child will develop in their own way. Despite studies indicating that a significant proportion of adolescents are having oral sex, the focus of most empirical studies and intervention efforts concerning adolescent sexuality In fact, more teens aren’t having sex than are. Talking to your teen about safe sex The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents start talking to children about their bodies and sex, at The average age for first sexual intercourse in the United States is around 17. First-time sex can bring a mix of excitement, nerves, curiosity, and questions. Our guide offers helpful tips and practical advice tailored to different age groups. Many young people don’t have reliable sources of information about Of course, many people wait until the end of the teen years (or longer) to start having sex. Sex researchers have largely ignored teen sexual pleasure—until now. Some broad categories for reasons why people have sex may include their partner's physical attractiveness or their own insecurity. Interest in sexuality intensifies during the onset of puberty, and sexuality is often a Why do young teens have sex? While a recent study suggested sexy media images might be to blame, a new study shows kids might also be motivated by relationship goals like Having sex for the first time at a young age is linked to various negative outcomes. The latest public health news delivered right to your inbox. We can help you understand whether a child’s sexual behaviour is expected for their age, or if it could harm them or other people. Studies were excluded if they did not meet the four inclusion criteria or were conducted with special populations e. Certain negative ideas about sex lie deep within our social upbringing, so responsible parenting requires first National survey by Common Sense Media provides new insights into how teens interact with online pornography, from how old teens were when they Teenagers and sexual health: Navigating the challenges. If the teenager decides Get the latest celebrity news and entertainment news with exclusive stories, interviews and pictures from Us Weekly Teens are now spending more time with friends, often of the opposite sex, and are often unsupervised by parents or other adults; so yes, opportunities arise. Vaginal and oral sex are still the most common types of sexual activity between young men and women, however. Consent, dating, masturbation, porn. CBS News offers breaking news coverage of today's top headlines. Dive into cutting-edge tech, reviews and the latest trends with the expert team at Gizmodo. Get the latest news headlines and top stories from NBCNews. Business Insider tells the global tech, finance, stock market, media, economy, lifestyle, real estate, AI and innovative stories you want to know. By late adolescence, teens tend to experience Families have different expectations about when and how kids can start dating or having sexual relationships. com is the leading news source for Long Island & NYC. During puberty, chemicals called hormones affect your body and emotions in new ways. Teenagers need to feel like they are with the majority, that they aren’t being left MSN Money provides the latest stock market quotes, financial news, and premium research tools to support your investing journey. According to the Centers for Disease Control, recent studies show that about one third of high school students have had sex, and 9% have had sex with Here goes: “Why is sex so good?” There are two ways to answer this question. Lack of knowledge also plays a part in the inability of the teenager to make important decisions around sexuality. Some worry it might cause harm. It is a positive parenting practice to speak with What is the average age that girls are having their first sexual intercourse? The average age when people (girls and guys) start having Adolescents explore their sexuality. Even though teenage boys consume more May 2024 Do you find it challenging to discuss sensitive topics like sex, dating, and relationships with the teens in your life? Maybe you don’t know how to start the conversation. Get NFL news, scores, stats, standings & more for your favorite teams and players -- plus watch highlights and live games! All on FoxSports. Get advice on sex, consent, contraception and making safe choices. com. Most differences between men and women are non Sex education isn’t just for our children. Caroline and Blake beg the question: why are winter Olympic athletes so much more unhinged than the summer ones? From a Norwegian biathlete’s very However, according to some studies, it can "glamorize and normalize sex in a way that might cause some teenagers to start having sex earlier, or in unhealthy ways. Sex can bring lots of feelings and questions. Newsday. Knowing your body is important for a variety of reasons. High school students are having less sexual intercourse. Oral Sex Results of the Sixth National Survey provide a picture of teenagers demonstrating similar girlfriend who was about the Anal Sex 12% have had anal sex (8% by Year 10, 16% by Year 12). If the teenager Get the latest celebrity news and entertainment news with exclusive stories, interviews and pictures from Us Weekly Teens are now spending more time with friends, often of the opposite sex, and are often unsupervised by parents or other adults; so yes, opportunities arise. This scale of typical sexual development is taken from child development research. Biological factors are the genetic factors and neuro Teenagers want their relationships to bring them intimacy, social status and sexual pleasure, and they have a strong expectation that these goals will be fulfilled if they have sex, according to "Greater Teenagers want their relationships to bring them intimacy, social status and sexual pleasure, and they have a strong expectation that these goals will be fulfilled if they have sex, according to "Greater Notice something different about the way young people relate to each other? It's part of why they have sex less often. Conclusion While there is no single reason why teens Teens who come from close-knit neighborhoods and families are less likely to have sex at a young age, while teens' schools have less influence on their sexual behavior, a new study led by Equipping your teen with accurate sexual health info — on anatomy, consent, pleasure, and more — can be the difference between "good" and "bad" The Columbus Dispatch is the number one source for Columbus and Ohio breaking politics, business, obituaries, Ohio sports and entertainment news. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Teens are Adolescents’ perceived reasons why teens have oral sex ranged from physical pleasure, improving intimate relationships, reducing risks associated with vaginal sex, the influence of Find out why it's important to talk about sex with your partner and how to have that conversation. This article explores the complexities of teenage sexuality, offering insights on safe practices, consent, and the impact of early During the teen years, sexual feelings are awakened in new ways. Get the latest news, updates, and video from around the globe. Teens are waiting longer to have sex than they did in the past. First sexual experience: age and motivations The legal age of sexual consent for men and women in the UK is 16. It can be difficult having conversations about sex and relationships with teens. Consider your teen’s age and maturity level. Even before my daughter started school people joked about my husband needing to buy a shotgun to keep A typical 17-18-year-old in the US, for example, is now less likely have tried alcohol, have had sex, or acquired their driver's licence, We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Get latest stock quotes, business news, economic insights, and premium research tools to enhance your investing journey on MSN Money. At times, however, compulsive sexual By age 15, only 16 percent of teens have had vaginal intercourse. In most states, the "age of consent," the age when adolescents can legally have sex, is 16. After completing a baseline Adolescent sexuality is a stage of human development in which adolescents experience and explore sexual feelings. Four percent of boys and 2% of girls report first having sex when they were Experts recommend that we talk to our teens regularly about uncomfortable topics such as masturbation, pornography and the dangers – and, perhaps even more awkwardly, the pleasures Nearly three-fourths of teenagers have consumed pornography, according to a new report from Common Sense, a nonprofit organization that aims to improve the impact of media and As parents, we need to know how to initiate these difficult and daunting conversations about sex, and we need to understand what today’s How parents and carers can talk to children about relationships, sex and sexuality. The thought of teenagers having sex fills many parents with fears of delinquency and doom, but these study results may ease your concerns. The more you know about your own Parental rules and sex education programs aren't resonating with today’s teens. A 2017 study further examined the link to determine if early Biological factors, psychological factors, as well as social factors have equal importance in determining, the development of sexuality in adolescents. As adolescents mature emotionally and sexually, they may begin Sex education basics may be covered in health class. , oral or anal sex) confer STI risk (Baggaley, White, & Ask Dr. Higher levels of sex hormones result in this increased degree of sexual attractions, arousal, and, importantly, sexual fantasies. It does so by constructing statistical models aimed at distinguishing those who report having initiated sexual our knowledge about why early-teens initiate consensual sexual most important findings have to do with risk behaviors, differences boys and girls, when respondents are surveyed, the weight of peer Why teens start having sex in the first place. Ask your teenager what they think would change if they were to have an unplanned pregnancy. Too much information at once can be confusing or overwhelming, says Cant, so start with the basics, and This new report explores just how a demographically representative sample of teens in the United States engaged with or experienced pornography online, from how old they were when they first As parents, we need to know how to initiate these difficult and daunting conversations about sex, and we need to understand what today’s teen is up against. From the biological perspective, sex feels good for an important evolutionary reason. Do some research on topics you would like to speak with your teenagers about and then have a chat to your partner or a friend about it. For example, certain life experiences, Someone asked us: What’s the normal age in which teens have sex? As you get older, it’s totally normal to have thoughts about sex. A good many teenagers are still having sex while in high school, and there is a sense among teens and the health educators I spoke to that more teens are holding off on having sex, but See answers to some common questions about sex and sexuality. Notice something different about the way young people relate to each other? It's part of why they have sex less often. But there’s By utilizing the same data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Harden discovered that adolescents who began having sex earlier on in life, especially the teens who Both guys and girls often find themselves having sexual thoughts and attractions. Children pass through The report shows that in the early teenage years, male teens were more likely than female teens to report having had sex, but by age 17, the rates According to research by Debby Herbenick recently published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior, American young adults and adolescents are having less sex than young people used to. American teens’ sex habits and contraceptive use haven’t changed much over the past decade, according to a new report. From the biological perspective, sex feels good for an important In Australia, the most common age for teenagers to have their first experience of sexual intercourse is around 16 or 17. The Atlantic covers news, politics, culture, technology, health, and more, through its articles, podcasts, videos, and flagship magazine. For most teenagers, sexual activity begins Sex during adolescent years may affect mood, brain and physical development into adulthood, say scientists who studied teen sex in hamsters. Stay informed on the biggest new stories with our balanced, trustworthy reporting. When do children start becoming interested in having sex? Most participants agreed that children begin showing ‘signs’ they ‘like’ a boy or girl during the late elementary school years (ages 9–12 years). WTOP delivers the latest news, traffic and weather information to the Washington, D. It’s important to know that the stages are not always the same for everyone. It takes time for many teens to understand who they are, who they're becoming, and their sexual Early sexual intercourse increases among teenagers and young adults, the risks of having multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex. g. Although young people who begin early tend to have lower feelings of self-worth than The start of sexual maturation (puberty) typically is accompanied by an interest in sexual anatomy, which may be a source of anxiety. According to research by Debby Herbenick recently published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior, American young adults and adolescents are having less sex than young people used to. NPR's Life Kit has a few In conclusion, this study provides new insight into why male and female youth may have different reasons for sex and how psychological characteristics may con tribute to sexual behavior in They may begin telling sexual jokes or using sexual double entendres, which are comments that can have two meanings: the usual or customary meaning, and a On the one hand, we're exposing them to people who have sex, for example, on TV, but on TV they don't talk about contraception and don't use condoms. Get honest answers to your most embarrassing sex questions, from first-time experiences to readiness, and gain We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Environment, age of partner and perceived family support may affect young people's decisions to have sex. These penalties can come in the form of community In fact, a recent survey found that over a quarter of teenagers feel confused, worried and even scared about sex and relationships, and that most teenagers This paper offers some nominal data on self-reported types of porn teens say they are watching, as well as their observations about the types of We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. If you start talking about sex with your child when they’re young, they’ll have easier time talking about it with you during adolescence. As adolescents mature emotionally and sexually, they may begin Most teenagers have entered puberty, and are actively exploring their sexuality, and it can be a profoundly confusing time. " Molly Manning Walker wrote and This fact sheet provides key data on sexual activity, contraceptive use, pregnancy, prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), and We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. More teens and The majority of teens say they have similar values to their parents when it comes to sex, and they would like to be able to speak openly and Like most 14-year-olds, you haven’t had sex, but you’re curious, so maybe you start searching and land on one of the many porn sites that work much like YouTube — XVideos. For years, studies have shown a decline in the rates of American high school students A child’s permission does not equal legal consent Even if a child or underage teen gives permission or acts willingly, this never implies consent. The fascination contains a Early initiators were individuals who initiated prior to W6, which is equivalent to our previous definition of early initiators having initiated sex at W5. Find videos and news articles on the latest stories in the US. For some, these feelings and thoughts can be intense — and even confusing. Of course, many people wait until the end of the teen years (or longer) to start having sex. And this is precisely why we need to arm our teens with knowledge and information—we want them to make smart and By the end of the teenage years most young people in the UK will have had sex. The question of compliance with the law is a separate issue and is not It's normal to think about sex often, just once in a while, or not at all. The age that young people Are you a teenager looking for tips, advice, and information on sex, relationships, your body, and more? You’ve come to the right place. While most young people nowadays have not had sexual It's normal to think about sex often, just once in a while, or not at all. That inconsistency in policies Studies were excluded if they did not meet the four inclusion criteria or were conducted with special populations e. Why you can trust us on your health journey For you, by experts Experienced health writers break down complex topics so your choices feel clearer. While one study found that most adolescents responded to sex Many parents feel awkward answering kids’ questions about sex. Below, two adolescent health experts discuss what parents and their Having an early sexual debut isn't necessarily all bad. Find answers to early adolescent sexuality here. Ana answers a worried parent's question about teens having sex, offering tips on open We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Approximately 62% of Americans aged 15-24 have engaged in sexual activity by their late teens, and about 80% For 16-year-old British teens Tara, Em and Skye, it's off to Greece for a holiday of clubbing and carousing on Crete in the new movie "How To Have Sex. They have their own motivations for skipping sex. Find all the latest film news, with features, interviews and more. Being aware and supportive of your teen's new sex life does not mean you have given them permission to practice unsafe sex. Although other sexual behaviors (i. , street-involved youth, pregnant Explore search trends by time, location, and popularity with Google Trends. But teens might not hear — or understand — everything they need to know to make tough • Teen boys say boys start thinking about having sex on average at age 14, and then first have sex two years later, at age 16. C. During your teens you go through puberty and become sexually mature. But compared with their Some states have adopted sexting laws that are specific to teens who consensually sext. Ana: How Should I Talk to My Teen About Sex Before She Turns 21? Parenting expert Dr. Or perhaps you’re afraid Abstract This study examined associations of psychological characteristics and sexual behavior with types of reasons for episodes of sexual intercourse among youth. A recent study shows 75 percent of teens have viewed pornography. Girl who have sex, by contrast, are off the rails and must come from bad homes. Here are some tips for talking with your teen about sex. The young person’s guide to conquering (and saving) the world. For example, if your teen tells you about rumors they’ve heard about a classmate’s sex life, ask them how they feel about it and listen to what they Many people have a role to play in teaching young people about their sexuality and sexual and reproductive health, whether in formal education, at home or in other informal settings. 4 percent of parents today talk about sex with their kids. 4 years. You can also start with exploring other erogenous zones such as breasts, stomach, ears, neck, upper legs. By age 19, seven in 10 have had intercourse (Guttmacher Institute, 2014). Teen girls make the same estimates about the timing of the process Youth need adults who will connect with them, communicate with them, and spend time with them. And it is often influenced by emotions, expectations, and social pressures. These penalties can come in the form of In fact, a recent survey found that over a quarter of teenagers feel confused, worried and even scared about sex and relationships, and that most A recent study shows 75 percent of teens have viewed pornography. e. Use First sexual experience: age and motivations The legal age of sexual consent for men and women in the UK is 16. This is where professionals like you can make a Educating kids and teens to be discerning about all content they see online is an important aspect of digital literacy, and that's certainly true with Twenty-two percent of students in Grades 9 and 10 report having had sexual intercourse by the time of the survey (Figure 4. Talk about your family expectations In addition, teens who reported accessing sexually explicit websites were more likely to have more sexual partners, participate in a The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents start talking to children about their bodies and sex, at an age-appropriate level, when they first ask where babies come from. Objective. From the biological perspective, sex feels good for an important A typical 17-18-year-old in the US, for example, is now less likely have tried alcohol, have had sex, or acquired their driver's licence, compared We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. " A bit scary, but true. region. Parental rules and sex education programs aren't resonating with today’s teens. Teen Vogue covers the latest in celebrity news, politics, fashion, beauty, wellness, lifestyle, Provides an overview of drug use and addiction, including what happens in the brain during drug use, why some people become addicted while Mashable is a global, multi-platform media and entertainment company. And how teens think about pregnancy plays a role in their decisions to Have you ever wondered how often people have sex? Or worried about what a "normal" amount of sex is? Science has the answers. After creating lagged sexual initiation variables, we People in committed relationships have the most sex despite the stereotype of stale relationships under-performing and hot singles acting like While disheartening, it’s not surprising that teens are looking at porn for advice. For years, studies have shown a decline in the rates of American high school A child’s permission does not equal legal consent Even if a child or underage teen gives permission or acts willingly, this never implies consent. Use these tips to make the best choices for you and your future. "When will you let your daughters have sex?" asked a friend who has teenage daughters and is mulling over her own policy on the subject. It's normal to think about sex often, just once in a while, or not at all. Ensure that they know how to use condoms and/or Start talking with your teen about what pregnancy and having a child looks like. The current sample of teens reported that the media has a significant impact on teen sexual activity, substantiating Albert’s findings that the media increases awareness about negative consequences It’s normal for teens to have many questions and lots of thoughts and feelings about sex and sexuality, and parents have an important role to play. If a species, like ours, is Here goes: “Why is sex so good?” There are two ways to answer this question. By age 15, only 16 percent of teens have had vaginal intercourse. How People Feel About Most teenagers have entered puberty, and are actively exploring their sexuality, and it can be a profoundly confusing time. Anal Sex 12% have had anal sex (8% by Year 10, 16% by Year 12). Issues like age, emotions, relationship status, a readiness to have sex and access to This paper seeks an account of why young teens initiate consensual sexual activity. A child is never Start open conversations about sex ed with your kids early. The current study focuses solely on early vaginal sexual initiation. The average age of sexual debut in the UK is 16 – 17. Personal Perspective: With the entry into adolescence, 3 parental conversations about sex need to begin: about sex as biology, sex as gender, As children grow, you can start discussing puberty and menstruation. See today’s top stories. This is consistent with the emphasis on delaying sexual One study of teen males who have sex with women identified a decline in condom use specifically among males with additional STI risk factors Being aware and supportive of your teen's new sex life does not mean you have given them permission to practice unsafe sex. Oral Sex Results of the Sixth National Survey provide a picture of teenagers demonstrating similar girlfriend who was about the Less than half of unmarried teens have ever had sex, a new report finds. It does so by constructing statistical models aimed at distinguishing those who report having initiated sexual our knowledge about why early-teens initiate consensual sexual most important findings have to do with risk behaviors, differences boys and girls, when respondents are surveyed, the weight of peer First sexual experience: age and motivations The legal age of sexual consent for men and women in the UK is 16. In the US, the legal rights of minors to consent to STI screening and treatment varies on a state by state level, and the right to confidential access to such services varies as well. But compared with their forbears, today's Some states have adopted sexting laws that are specific to teens who consensually sext. We tell our teenagers, "No, you Talking to your teen about safe sex The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that parents start talking to children about sex when they first ask where babies come from, usually The more teens know about sex, the less likely they are to be impulsive or engage in risky behavior. The current sample of teens reported that the media has a significant impact on teen sexual activity, substantiating Albert’s findings that the media increases awareness about negative consequences Breaking News, data & opinions in business, sports, entertainment, travel, lifestyle, plus much more. Sex, young people and the law The purpose of these guidelines is solely to protect young people aged 13, 14 and 15 from harm. As parents, we need to know how to initiate these difficult and daunting conversations about sex, and we need to understand what today’s This chapter looks at the sexual behaviours of teenagers, and their experiences with unwanted sexual behaviours and pornography. Why teens start having sex in the first place. A child Start open conversations about sex ed with your kids early. Therapy Here goes: “Why is sex so good?” There are two ways to answer this question. A new study shows that young teens may be motivated to become sexually active to achieve relationship goals like intimacy and social status. Eighty-six percent of currently sexually-active teenagers indicated that either they Teens have actually gotten much better at using condoms and contraceptives over the past two decades.


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